Investigating Linguistic Steering: An Analysis of Adjectival Effects Across Large Language Model Architectures
Researchers developed a Shapley-value-based framework to quantify how adjectives steer Large Language Model outputs across architectures (GPT-4o-mini, Llama-3-70b, DeepSeek-R1, Phi-3, o3). The study reveals that steering effects are model-dependent, non-universal, and exhibit complex interaction patterns—larger models show unpredictable compositional behavior while smaller models respond more literally, challenging the viability of one-size-fits-all prompting strategies.